Armillaria growing at the base of a tree M. Waage Pruning Effects of Heading Thinning to lateral Pollarding Espalier Pruning for disease or dead branches Staking Double staking Single staking Protective stakes Anchoring Nursery stock staking Structure Trunk taper Branch attachment Trunk lean Cabling? Bracing? Problems Galls Rot Decline Structural damage Mistletoe - parasitic plants Girdling roots? others... Terms Credits